Datapoint Japanese / Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

Language:Japanese
Feature:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns by Johannes Helmbrecht
Value:Pronouns avoided for politeness

Notes

anata

2nd sg. infer.

- used by both, men and women, to address equals

and inferiors; in 2nd person pronouns social status is

the primary factor in determining which form to use;

this is the neutral form of address in advertising;

- according to ), anata is an archaic

expression for 'yonder' (demonstrative/ local adverb); accordingto Lehmann (1995) anata means 'that part'

anta

2nd sg. intim.

- used by women to address their husband

kimi

2nd sg. infer.

- used by men to address equals or inferiors; derives

from Old Japanese 'emperor, Lord'

kisama

2nd sg. pej.

- address term of insult

omae

2nd sg. infer.

- used by men to address inferiors

ore

2nd sg. rude

- used by males only; overtly marked for roughness

o-taku

2nd sg. hon.

- o-taku 'HON-house' is a frequently used replacement

for anata, a polite form of address

References