Language: | Japanese |
Feature: | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns by Johannes Helmbrecht |
Value: | Pronouns avoided for politeness |
anata | 2nd sg. infer. | - used by both, men and women, to address equals and inferiors; in 2nd person pronouns social status is the primary factor in determining which form to use; this is the neutral form of address in advertising; - according to ), anata is an archaic expression for 'yonder' (demonstrative/ local adverb); accordingto Lehmann (1995) anata means 'that part' |
anta | 2nd sg. intim. | - used by women to address their husband |
kimi | 2nd sg. infer. | - used by men to address equals or inferiors; derives from Old Japanese 'emperor, Lord' |
kisama | 2nd sg. pej. | - address term of insult |
omae | 2nd sg. infer. | - used by men to address inferiors |
ore | 2nd sg. rude | - used by males only; overtly marked for roughness |
o-taku | 2nd sg. hon. | - o-taku 'HON-house' is a frequently used replacement for anata, a polite form of address |