Language: | Khmer |
Feature: | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns by Johannes Helmbrecht |
Value: | Pronouns avoided for politeness |
kɔ̀ət | 2nd sg. fam. | - used among friends; seems to derive from a 3rd person form(for equals) |
bɔ:η | 2nd sg. fam. | - used among brothers and sisters; wife to husband, and husbands to wife; among friendly groups of people of approximately the same age |
khlu:ən | 2nd sg. fam. | - used among friends to express familiarity |
lò:k | 2nd sg. hon. | - used to address formally, or politely superiors (office, excellency, strangers); used between equal males, who speak formally together; woman may use lò:k-srɤy; - translated as 'Mr. ..' |
lò:k-pù: | 2nd sg. hon. | - very formal and polite; used by children to adult visitors, or by young men and women to address older people |
mì:η | 2nd sg. fam. | - used in addressing one's relatives or servants older than oneself, or persons with whom one may have a slightly familiar relationship established by the situation; - in the family, pu: refers to younger brother and sister of either parent; 'om is used to refer tothe elder brother or sister of either parent |
nɛ̀ək | 2nd sg. hon. | - used among women friends; used to address boys (age of 13-20) politely; used among friends of both sexes; - this form is characterized as familiar and polite at the same time |
nɛ̀ək | 2nd sg. intim. | |
nì:əη | 2nd sg. infer. | - woman servants of 8-20 years of age are addressed by nì:əη, from 20-30 years of age, they are addressed by nɛ̀ək; polite address for young women, children |
pù: | 2nd sg. fam. | - used in addressing one's relatives or servants older than oneself, or persons with whom one may have a slightly familiar relationship established by the situation; in the family, pù: refers to youngerbrother and sister of either parent; 'om elder brother orsister of either parent |
ʔaeη | 2nd sg. infer. | - used to address children, younger persons (child/ adult), and equal age; used to express familiarity; - used also as emphatic particle; according to ),this is a real personal pronoun such as ʔaη (1st sg infer),khɲom (1st sg equal), yɤ̀:η (1st pl infer),vì:ə (3rd infer), kɔ̀ət/ kə̀: (3rd equal) |