Language: | Korean |
Feature: | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns by Johannes Helmbrecht |
Value: | Pronouns avoided for politeness |
caki | 2nd sg. intim. | - this form is described as a 2nd sg intimate form of address; etymologically caki is a so-called Sino- Korean word (loan from Chinese); it is composed of ca 'self' + ki 'animate body' |
caki-tul | 2nd pl. intim. | - /-tul/ is the regular form of pluralization |
caney | 2nd sg. infer. | - used by a superiour to a much younger adult or adolecent inferior, or by a parent-in-law to a son-in- law |
caney-tul | 2nd sg. infer. | - pluralization is possible only with -tul, -huyis not allowed |
elusin | 2nd sg. hon. | - rarely used 2nd sg deferential form of address; - elusin refers exclusively to a respected male ofover sixty years of age; as a result, reference terms such as apeci (Father), sensayng-nim (teacher), andsacang- nim (company president) are used as pronominal substitutes |
elusin-tul | 2nd pl. hon. | |
ku tay | 2nd sg. | - this form is obsolete; 2nd sg blunt form of address |
kutay-tul | 2nd pl. | |
ne | 2nd sg. | - this form is a 2nd sg plain form with a neutral reference; - it is used to address a child or equivalent (e.g. one's own child or grandchild) |
ne-huy(-tul) | 2nd pl. | |
tangsin | 2nd sg. infer. | - this form is a blunt form of 2nd sg address meaning 'you, himself'; - it is used to refer to an adult inferiour, e.g. by a boss to his subordinate, except between husband and wife, in whichcase this form carries an affectionate connotation; - it does not seem to be pejorative!; - as a reflexive pronoun, tangsin is used only for adultsocial superiors |
tangsin-tul | 2nd pl. | |
tayk | 2nd sg. | - used to an adult stranger, cannot be used to a social superior |
tayk-tul | 2nd pl. |